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Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science (MIDSS) - Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS)

- 22.09.20 - 1 Formular, 2 Itemgruppen, 25 Datenelemente, 1 Sprache

Itemgruppen: Yale Food Addiction Scale, past year

Gearhardt, A.N., Corbin, W.R., & Brownell, K.D. (2009). Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved 13.09.2020, from www.midss.ie Key references: Gearhardt, A.N., Corbin, W.R., & Brownell, K.D. (2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52, 430-436. Gearhardt, A. N., White, M. A., Masheb, R. M., Morgan, P. T., Crosby, R. D., & Grilo, C. M. (2012). An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 657-663. Primary use / Purpose: The Yale Food Addiction Scale is a measure that has been developed to identify those who are most likely to be exhibiting markers of substance dependence with the consumption of high fat/high sugar foods. This 25-item self-report measure includes mixed response categories (dichotomous and Likert-type format). A food addiction symptom (e.g., tolerance, withdrawal, loss of control) count can be obtained which is similar to the criteria for substance dependence of the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Additionally, two items assess clinically significant impairment or distress from eating. Food addiction can be “diagnosed” when three symptoms and clinically significant impairment or distress are present. Background: Despite the widespread use of the term “food addiction”, often used colloquially, its presence and operationalization in the scientific literature has been and still is a subject of debate. Gearhardt, Corbin, and Brownell developed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) to determine whether the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence were present in eating problems. The scale questions fall under specific criteria that resemble the symptoms for substance dependence as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-R and operationalized in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Psychometrics: Psychometric evaluation of the YFAS is presented in Gearhardt et al. (2009). A clinical validation of the instrument has also been conducted (Gearhardt et al., 2012). Digital Object Identifier (DOI): http://dx.doi.org/10.13072/midss.285 Scoring: Development: The scale questions fall under specific criteria that resemble the symptoms for substance dependence as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-R and operationalized in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. 1) Substance taken in larger amount and for longer period than intended Questions #1, #2, #3 2) Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit Questions #4, #22, # 24, #25 3) Much time/activity to obtain, use, recover Questions #5, #6, #7 4) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced Questions #8, #9, #10, #11 5) Use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences (e.g., failure to fulfill role obligation, use when physically hazardous) Question #19 6) Tolerance (marked increase in amount; marked decrease in effect) Questions #20, #21 7) Characteristic withdrawal symptoms; substance taken to relieve withdrawal Questions #12, #13, #14 8) Use causes clinically significant impairment or distress Questions #15, #16 Cut-offs: The following cut-offs were developed for the continuous questions. 0 = criterion not met, 1 = criterion is met The following questions are scored 0 = (0), 1 = (1): #19, #20, #21, #22 The following question is scored 0 = (1), 1 = (0): #24 The following questions are scored 0 = (0 thru 1), 1 = (2 thru 4): #8, #10, #11 The following questions are scored 0 = (0 thru 2), 1 = (3 & 4): #3, #5, #7, #9, #12, #13, #14, #15, #16 The following questions are scored 0 = (0 thru 3), 1 = (4): #1, #2, #4, #6 The following questions are scored 0 = (0 thru 4), 1 = (5): #25 The following questions are NOT scored, but are primers for other questions: #17, #18, #23 SCORING After computing cut-offs, sum up the questions under each substance dependence criterion (e.g. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Clinical Significance, etc.). If the score for the criterion is > 1, then the criterion has been met and is scored as 1. If the score = 0, then the criteria has not been met. Example: Tolerance: (#20 =1) + (#21 = 0) = 1, Criterion Met Withdrawal (#12 =0) + (#13 = 0) + (#14 = 0) = 0, Criterion Not Met Given up (#8 =1) + (#9 = 0) + (#10 =1) + (#11 = 1) = 3, Criterion Met and scored as 1 To score the continuous version of the scale, which resembles a symptom count without diagnosis, add up all of the scores for each of the criterion (e.g. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Use Despite Negative Consequence). Do NOT add clinical significance to the score. This score should range from 0 to 7 (0 symptoms to 7 symptoms.) To score the dichotomous version, which resembles a diagnosis of substance dependence, compute a variable in which clinical significance must = 1 (items 15 or 16 =1), and the symptom count must be > 3. This should be either a 0 or 1 score (no diagnosis or diagnosis met.) Norms (undergraduates): Diagnosis of Food Dependence – 11.6% Median Symptom Count Score – 1.0 Withdrawal – 16.3% Tolerance – 13.5% Continued Use Despite Problems – 28.3% Important Activities Given Up – 10.3% Large Amounts of Time Spent – 24.0% Loss of Control – 21.7% Have Tried Unsuccessfully to Cut Down or Worried About Cutting Down – 71.3% Clinically Significant Impairment - 14%

Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science (MIDSS) - The Food Acceptance and Awareness Questionnaire (FAAQ)

- 26.06.20 - 1 Formular, 1 Itemgruppe, 10 Datenelemente, 1 Sprache

Itemgruppe: Food Acceptance Questionnaire

Juarascio, A., Forman, E., Timko, C. A., Butryn, M., & Goodwin, C.. (2011). The Food Acceptance and Awareness Questionnaire (FAAQ). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved 26.06.2020, from www.midss.ie Key references: Juarascio, A., Forman, E., Timko, C. A., Butryn, M., & Goodwin, C. (2011). The development and validation of the food craving acceptance questionnaire. Eating Behaviors, 12, 182-187. Primary use / Purpose: The FAAQ was developed to measure acceptance of urges and cravings to eat or the extent to which individuals might try to control or change these thoughts. Background: Research has suggested that mindfulness and acceptance are important factors in the development, maintenance, and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. However, few instruments are available that apply the constructs of acceptance and mindfulness to eating behaviour. The Food Acceptance and Awareness Questionnaire (FAAQ) was designed to fill this void. It is a self-report instrument that is comprised of 10 items, each rated on a seven-point likert rating scale that ranges from never true to always true. It consists of two scales: Ability to regulate eating despite urges and cravings, and Desire to maintain internal control over eating thoughts. Higher scores on the instrument are indicative of greater acceptance of motivations to eat. The results of Juarascio and colleagues (2011) suggest that the FAAQ might be a valuable tool for assessing acceptance of food related thoughts and urges. Psychometrics: The instrument has been found to have sound psychometric properties (Juarascio et al., 2011) Scoring: To score, add up the total for all items. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): http://dx.doi.org/10.13072/midss.272

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