1. StudyEvent: HIS
    1. HIS
Admininstrative Daten
Description

Admininstrative Daten

Patient surname
Description

Name

Data type

string

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C0421448
SNOMED CT-1
184096005
Patient forename
Description

Vorname

Data type

string

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C0421447
SNOMED CT-1
184095009
Patient title
Description

Titel

Data type

string

Alias
Code-1
Patient title (observable entity)
UMLS CUI-1
C0421450
SNOMED CT-1
184098006
former Patient name
Description

früherer Name

Data type

string

Alias
Code-1
Previous
UMLS CUI-1
C0205156
SNOMED CT-1
9130008
Code-2
Patient name (observable entity)
UMLS CUI-2
C1299487
SNOMED CT-2
371484003
Patient date of birth
Description

Geburtsdatum

Data type

date

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C0421451
SNOMED CT-1
184099003
patient age
Description

Alter

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
patient age
UMLS CUI-1
CL386174
Ethnicity / related nationality data
Description

Nationalität

Data type

string

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C0438960
SNOMED CT-1
186034007
Code-2
Patients
UMLS CUI-2
C0030705
SNOMED CT-2
116154003
Street Address
Description

Adresse

Data type

string

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C1301826
SNOMED CT-1
398099009
Code-2
Patient address
UMLS CUI-2
C0421449
SNOMED CT-2
184097001
Patient postal code
Description

PLZ

Data type

integer

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C0421454
SNOMED CT-1
184102003
Code-2
Patient address
UMLS CUI-2
C0421449
SNOMED CT-2
184097001
City of residence
Description

Stadt

Data type

string

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C2316883
SNOMED CT-1
433178008
Code-2
Patient address
UMLS CUI-2
C0421449
SNOMED CT-2
184097001
Case Identifier
Description

Fallnummer

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Case - situation (qualifier value)
UMLS CUI-1
C0868928
SNOMED CT-1
398241000
Code-2
Identifier
UMLS CUI-2
C0600091
SNOMED CT-2
118522005
Tumordiagnose
Description

Tumordiagnose

Cancer Diagnosis
Description

Tumordiagnose (ICD-10)

Data type

string

Alias
Code-1
Tumor finding (finding)
UMLS CUI-1
C1274082
SNOMED CT-1
395557000
Code-2
Diagnosis ICD code
UMLS CUI-2
C2598420
Date of diagnosis
Description

Diagnose-Datum

Data type

date

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C2316983
SNOMED CT-1
432213005
Code-2
Tumor finding (finding)
UMLS CUI-2
C1274082
SNOMED CT-2
395557000
Therapeutic radiology procedure
Description

Therapeutic radiology procedure

Guideline Adherence
Description

Wird die Therapie nach Leitlinien durchgeführt

Data type

boolean

Alias
Item-Info
must_have
UMLS CUI-1
C0525059
Reason for Guidelines Adherence
Description

falls nein

Data type

string

Alias
Code-1
Indication of (contextual qualifier)
UMLS CUI-1
C0392360
SNOMED CT-1
410666004
LOINC-1
MTHU008862
Code-2
Guideline Adherence
UMLS CUI-2
C0525059
Tumortherapie allgemein
Description

Tumortherapie allgemein

Intent
Description

Intention

Data type

integer

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C1283828
SNOMED CT-1
367565008
Code-2
Therapeutic radiology procedure
UMLS CUI-2
C1522449
SNOMED CT-2
108290001
MedDRA-2
10037794
Bestrahlung
Description

Bestrahlung

Organ target(s)
Description

Zielgebiet

Data type

integer

Alias
Item-Info
must_have
UMLS CUI-1
C0807185
Radiotherapy Technique
Description

Technik

Data type

integer

Alias
Item-Info
must_have
Code-1
Technique
UMLS CUI-1
C0449851
SNOMED CT-1
246501002
Code-2
Therapeutic radiology procedure
UMLS CUI-2
C1522449
SNOMED CT-2
108290001
MedDRA-2
10037770
Radiation
Description

Strahlenart

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-Info
for_compare
UMLS CUI-1
C0851346
SNOMED CT-1
82107009
LOINC-1
MTHU026213
Start Radiotherapy
Description

Begonnen am

Data type

date

Alias
Code-1
Radiotherapy started (situation)
UMLS CUI-1
C0436382
SNOMED CT-1
168531007
End Radiotherapy
Description

Ende am

Data type

date

Alias
Code-1
Radiotherapy completed (situation)
UMLS CUI-1
C0436385
SNOMED CT-1
168534004
total amount of radiation
Description

Gesamtdosis

Data type

string

Alias
Code-1
Radiotherapy Dosage
UMLS CUI-1
C0034620
Therapiebeurteilung
Description

Therapiebeurteilung

Termination of Radiotherapy
Description

Beendigung der Strahlentherapie

Data type

integer

Alias
Item-Info
must_have
Code-1
Radiotherapy stopped (situation)
UMLS CUI-1
C0436384
SNOMED CT-1
168533005
ECOG performance status grade
Description

Allgemeiner Leistungszustand (nach ECOG)

Data type

integer

Alias
UMLS CUI-1
C1632812
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Description

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events

Adverse event
Description

Nebenwirkungen

Data type

boolean

Alias
Code-Info
for_compare
UMLS CUI-1
C0877248
MedDRA-1
10060933
LOINC-1
MTHU014542
Genitourinary system
Description

Niere/Blase

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Renal or Genitourinary Other Adverse Event
UMLS CUI-1
C1558061
CTCAE-1
MTHU117419
Gastrointestinal system
Description

Gastrointestinaltrakt

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Adverse Event Associated with the Gastrointestinal System
UMLS CUI-1
C1559265
CTCAE-1
MTHU112146
Fever
Description

Fieber

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Fever Without Neutropenia Adverse Event
UMLS CUI-1
C1556366
CTCAE-1
MTHU116933
Infection
Description

Infektion

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Adverse Event Associated with Infection
UMLS CUI-1
C1556682
CTCAE-1
MTHU112135
Laboratory Values
Description

Laborwerte

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Other Metabolic and Laboratory Adverse Event
UMLS CUI-1
C1559945
CTCAE-1
MTHU117254
other adverse event
Description

Sonstige

Data type

integer

Alias
Code-1
Adverse event
UMLS CUI-1
C0877248
MedDRA-1
10060933
LOINC-1
MTHU014542

Similar models

  1. StudyEvent: HIS
    1. HIS
Name
Type
Description | Question | Decode (Coded Value)
Data type
Alias
Item Group
Admininstrative Daten
Name
Item
Patient surname
string
C0421448 (UMLS CUI-1)
184096005 (SNOMED CT-1)
Vorname
Item
Patient forename
string
C0421447 (UMLS CUI-1)
184095009 (SNOMED CT-1)
Titel
Item
Patient title
string
Patient title (observable entity) (Code-1)
C0421450 (UMLS CUI-1)
184098006 (SNOMED CT-1)
früherer Name
Item
former Patient name
string
Previous (Code-1)
C0205156 (UMLS CUI-1)
9130008 (SNOMED CT-1)
Patient name (observable entity) (Code-2)
C1299487 (UMLS CUI-2)
371484003 (SNOMED CT-2)
Geburtsdatum
Item
Patient date of birth
date
C0421451 (UMLS CUI-1)
184099003 (SNOMED CT-1)
Alter
Item
patient age
integer
patient age (Code-1)
CL386174 (UMLS CUI-1)
Nationalität
Item
Ethnicity / related nationality data
string
C0438960 (UMLS CUI-1)
186034007 (SNOMED CT-1)
Patients (Code-2)
C0030705 (UMLS CUI-2)
116154003 (SNOMED CT-2)
Adresse
Item
Street Address
string
C1301826 (UMLS CUI-1)
398099009 (SNOMED CT-1)
Patient address (Code-2)
C0421449 (UMLS CUI-2)
184097001 (SNOMED CT-2)
PLZ
Item
Patient postal code
integer
C0421454 (UMLS CUI-1)
184102003 (SNOMED CT-1)
Patient address (Code-2)
C0421449 (UMLS CUI-2)
184097001 (SNOMED CT-2)
Stadt
Item
City of residence
string
C2316883 (UMLS CUI-1)
433178008 (SNOMED CT-1)
Patient address (Code-2)
C0421449 (UMLS CUI-2)
184097001 (SNOMED CT-2)
Fallnummer
Item
Case Identifier
integer
Case - situation (qualifier value) (Code-1)
C0868928 (UMLS CUI-1)
398241000 (SNOMED CT-1)
Identifier (Code-2)
C0600091 (UMLS CUI-2)
118522005 (SNOMED CT-2)
Item Group
Tumordiagnose
Tumordiagnose (ICD-10)
Item
Cancer Diagnosis
string
Tumor finding (finding) (Code-1)
C1274082 (UMLS CUI-1)
395557000 (SNOMED CT-1)
Diagnosis ICD code (Code-2)
C2598420 (UMLS CUI-2)
Diagnose-Datum
Item
Date of diagnosis
date
C2316983 (UMLS CUI-1)
432213005 (SNOMED CT-1)
Tumor finding (finding) (Code-2)
C1274082 (UMLS CUI-2)
395557000 (SNOMED CT-2)
Item Group
Therapeutic radiology procedure
Wird die Therapie nach Leitlinien durchgeführt
Item
Guideline Adherence
boolean
must_have (Item-Info)
C0525059 (UMLS CUI-1)
falls nein
Item
Reason for Guidelines Adherence
string
Indication of (contextual qualifier) (Code-1)
C0392360 (UMLS CUI-1)
410666004 (SNOMED CT-1)
MTHU008862 (LOINC-1)
Guideline Adherence (Code-2)
C0525059 (UMLS CUI-2)
Item Group
Tumortherapie allgemein
Item
Intent
integer
C1283828 (UMLS CUI-1)
367565008 (SNOMED CT-1)
Therapeutic radiology procedure (Code-2)
C1522449 (UMLS CUI-2)
108290001 (SNOMED CT-2)
10037794 (MedDRA-2)
Code List
Intent
CL Item
Curative - procedure intent  (kurativ)
Curative - procedure intent (qualifier value) (Code-1)
C1276305 (UMLS CUI-1)
373808002 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
Palliative - procedure intent (palliativ)
Palliative - procedure intent (qualifier value) (Code-1)
C1285530 (UMLS CUI-1)
363676003 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
Adjuvant - intent (adjuvant)
Adjuvant - intent (qualifier value) (Code-1)
C1298675 (UMLS CUI-1)
373846009 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
Neo-adjuvant - intent  (neoadjuvant)
Neo-adjuvant - intent (qualifier value) (Code-1)
C1298676 (UMLS CUI-1)
373847000 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item Group
Bestrahlung
Item
Organ target(s)
integer
must_have (Item-Info)
C0807185 (UMLS CUI-1)
Code List
Organ target(s)
CL Item
Prostate  (Prostata)
Prostate (Code-1)
C0033572 (UMLS CUI-1)
41216001 (SNOMED CT-1)
MTHU004957 (LOINC-1)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (Prostata + LK kleines Becken)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (Prostata + pelvine paraaortale LK im Bauchraum)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (Prostataloge)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (Prostataloge + LK kleines Becken)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (Prostataloge + pelvine paraaortale LK im Bauchraum)
CL Item
not_useful_for_research (sonstiges)
CL Item
Sonstiges (Other)
C0205394 (UMLS CUI-1)
74964007 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item
Radiotherapy Technique
integer
must_have (Item-Info)
Technique (Code-1)
C0449851 (UMLS CUI-1)
246501002 (SNOMED CT-1)
Therapeutic radiology procedure (Code-2)
C1522449 (UMLS CUI-2)
108290001 (SNOMED CT-2)
10037770 (MedDRA-2)
Code List
Radiotherapy Technique
CL Item
Teleradiotherapy procedure (percutane Strahlentherapie)
Teleradiotherapy procedure (procedure) (Code-1)
C0419095 (UMLS CUI-1)
33195004 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
PDR temporary Brachytherapy (PDR temporäre Brachytherapie)
Brachytherapy (Code-1)
C0006098 (UMLS CUI-1)
399315003 (SNOMED CT-1)
10061018 (MedDRA-1)
Temporary (Code-2)
C0205374 (UMLS CUI-2)
14803004 (SNOMED CT-2)
pulsed-dose rate brachytherapy (Code-3)
CL413609 (UMLS CUI-3)
CL Item
HDR temporary Brachytherapy (HDR temporäre Brachytherapie)
Brachytherapy (Code-1)
C0006098 (UMLS CUI-1)
399315003 (SNOMED CT-1)
10061018 (MedDRA-1)
Temporary (Code-2)
C0205374 (UMLS CUI-2)
14803004 (SNOMED CT-2)
High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy (Code-3)
C0454270 (UMLS CUI-3)
228867005 (SNOMED CT-3)
CL Item
Brachytherapy (Brachytherapie)
Brachytherapy (Code-1)
C0006098 (UMLS CUI-1)
399315003 (SNOMED CT-1)
10061018 (MedDRA-1)
Item
Radiation
integer
for_compare (Code-Info)
C0851346 (UMLS CUI-1)
82107009 (SNOMED CT-1)
MTHU026213 (LOINC-1)
Code List
Radiation
CL Item
Iridium 192 (IR-Iridium-192)
^192^Iridium (substance) (Code-1)
C0303472 (UMLS CUI-1)
48341001 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
Iodine-125  (J1-Jod-125)
Iodine-125 (Code-1)
C0796396 (UMLS CUI-1)
68630002 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
Palladium Pd-103  (Palladium Pd-103 )
Palladium Pd-103 (Code-1)
C0303566 (UMLS CUI-1)
9351000 (SNOMED CT-1)
Begonnen am
Item
Start Radiotherapy
date
Radiotherapy started (situation) (Code-1)
C0436382 (UMLS CUI-1)
168531007 (SNOMED CT-1)
Ende am
Item
End Radiotherapy
date
Radiotherapy completed (situation) (Code-1)
C0436385 (UMLS CUI-1)
168534004 (SNOMED CT-1)
Gesamtdosis
Item
total amount of radiation
string
Radiotherapy Dosage (Code-1)
C0034620 (UMLS CUI-1)
Item Group
Therapiebeurteilung
Item
Termination of Radiotherapy
integer
must_have (Item-Info)
Radiotherapy stopped (situation) (Code-1)
C0436384 (UMLS CUI-1)
168533005 (SNOMED CT-1)
Code List
Termination of Radiotherapy
CL Item
regular End of Therapy (reguläres Ende)
Regular (Code-1)
C0449581 (UMLS CUI-1)
17854005 (SNOMED CT-1)
End (Code-2)
C1272693 (UMLS CUI-2)
385656004 (SNOMED CT-2)
CL Item
Discontinue because of adverse effects (Abbruch wegen Nebenwirkungen)
Adverse effects (Code-1)
C0879626 (UMLS CUI-1)
281647001 (SNOMED CT-1)
10067484 (MedDRA-1)
Discontinue (Code-2)
C1444662 (UMLS CUI-2)
410546004 (SNOMED CT-2)
Indication of (contextual qualifier) (Code-3)
C0392360 (UMLS CUI-3)
230165009 (SNOMED CT-3)
MTHU008319 (LOINC-3)
CL Item
Refusal of Treatment (Patient verweigert die Therapie)
C0040809 (UMLS CUI-1)
105480006 (SNOMED CT-1)
10056407 (MedDRA-1)
Item
ECOG performance status grade
integer
C1632812 (UMLS CUI-1)
Code List
ECOG performance status grade
CL Item
0 (0)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status - grade 0 (finding) (Code-1)
C1828078 (UMLS CUI-1)
25389002 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
1 (1)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status - grade 1 (finding) (Code-1)
C1827388 (UMLS CUI-1)
422512005 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
2 (2)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status - grade 2 (finding) (Code-1)
C1828242 (UMLS CUI-1)
422894000 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
3 (3)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status - grade 3 (finding) (Code-1)
C1827126 (UMLS CUI-1)
423053003 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
4 (4)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status - grade 4 (finding) (Code-1)
C1827528 (UMLS CUI-1)
423237006 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item Group
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Nebenwirkungen
Item
Adverse event
boolean
for_compare (Code-Info)
C0877248 (UMLS CUI-1)
10060933 (MedDRA-1)
MTHU014542 (LOINC-1)
Item
Genitourinary system
integer
Renal or Genitourinary Other Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1558061 (UMLS CUI-1)
MTHU117419 (CTCAE-1)
Code List
Genitourinary system
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine Nebenwirkungen)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = geringe/leichte Nebenwirkungen)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßige / deutliche Nebenwirkungen)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = starke / ausgeprägte Nebenwirkungen)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohliche Nebenwirkungen)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Grad der Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item
Gastrointestinal system
integer
Adverse Event Associated with the Gastrointestinal System (Code-1)
C1559265 (UMLS CUI-1)
MTHU112146 (CTCAE-1)
Code List
Gastrointestinal system
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine Nebenwirkungen)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = geringe/leichte Nebenwirkungen)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßige / deutliche Nebenwirkungen)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = starke / ausgeprägte Nebenwirkungen)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohliche Nebenwirkungen)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Grad der Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item
Fever
integer
Fever Without Neutropenia Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1556366 (UMLS CUI-1)
MTHU116933 (CTCAE-1)
Code List
Fever
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = gering/leicht)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßig/deutlich)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = stark/ausgeprägt)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohlich)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
only in connection with Infection (only in connection with Infection)
Item
Infection
integer
Adverse Event Associated with Infection (Code-1)
C1556682 (UMLS CUI-1)
MTHU112135 (CTCAE-1)
Code List
Infection
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = gering/leicht)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßig/deutlich)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = stark/ausgeprägt)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohlich)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)
CL Item
only in connection with fever (only in connection with fever)
Item
Laboratory Values
integer
Other Metabolic and Laboratory Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1559945 (UMLS CUI-1)
MTHU117254 (CTCAE-1)
Code List
Laboratory Values
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine Nebenwirkungen)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = geringe/leichte Nebenwirkungen)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßige / deutliche Nebenwirkungen)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = starke / ausgeprägte Nebenwirkungen)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohliche Nebenwirkungen)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Grad der Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)
Item
other adverse event
integer
Adverse event (Code-1)
C0877248 (UMLS CUI-1)
10060933 (MedDRA-1)
MTHU014542 (LOINC-1)
Code List
other adverse event
CL Item
no adverse event (0 = keine Nebenwirkungen)
Absent Adverse Event (Code-1)
C2699517 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
mild adverse event (1 = geringe/leichte Nebenwirkungen)
Mild Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513302 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
moderate adverse event (2 = mäßige / deutliche Nebenwirkungen)
Moderate Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1513374 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
strong adverse event (3 = starke / ausgeprägte Nebenwirkungen)
Severe Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1519275 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
Life Threatening adverse event (4 = lebensbedrohliche Nebenwirkungen)
Life Threatening Adverse Event (Code-1)
C1517874 (UMLS CUI-1)
CL Item
unknown adverse event (X = Grad der Nebenwirkungen unbekannt)
Unknown (Code-1)
C0439673 (UMLS CUI-1)
261665006 (SNOMED CT-1)